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Blogging in Arab countries
Blogging is increasingly used in many countries around the globe, including those with oppressive and authoritarian regimes.〔Ameripour 2009, p. 1〕 In many Arab countries with oppressive and authoritarian regimes, where the government conventionally has controlled print and broadcast media, blogs and other forms of new media provide a new public sphere where citizens can obtain information they are interested in and exchange their personal opinion concerning several topics, including politics, economics, culture, love, life and religion.〔Benkler 2006, pp. 129-272〕
==Theoretical impacts of blogging==
The impacts of blogging and social media in general are widely debated. From an optimistic point of view they are often acclaimed as having democratising potential and described as important instruments to replace authoritarian regimes and to support democracy and freedom.〔Aday 2010, p. 5〕 The active use of the Internet can provide a more intense democratic participation and will support a direct form of democracy.〔Hague 1999, pp. 211-222〕 The Israeli-American scholar Yochai Benkler, whose notion is typically discussed in this context, sees the Internet as an important benefit for individual independence and freedom. He describes the networked public sphere as an online space where citizens can cooperate, exchange their opinions and collaborate as guardians over the society.〔 In countries where political themes in public are still not welcome, blogging became an important instrument for citizen to express their opinion relating to political developments. Blogging provides a platform for the exchange of information and for political mobilisation that is difficult to control by governments. In countries where media are centrally controlled the Internet breaks the monopoly of communication that was confined to the government and enables each citizen to become a political broadcaster.〔Karolak 2011, p. 3〕
The American legal scholar Cass Sunstein has a much more critical view of the Internet’s impact. He argues that the Internet and the use of social media tend to produce echo chambers where people with similar interests classify into small groups of likeminded. This leads to polarisation and divisions within society, since citizens disregard the information and news that do not fit in their pre-existing notions.〔Sunstein 2011〕 Scholar Kristin Lord also represents a pessimistic perspective on the Internet and the assumption that it brings peace and democracy. Lord argues that the new media’s channels, for instance blogs also transmit damaging and false information and spread hate and conflict as easily as peace and democracy.〔Lord 2006, pp. 23-91〕
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